Texts specifically designated for educational purposes were written in ancient Greece. The modern textbook has its roots in the standardization made possible by the printing press. Johann Gutenberg himself may have printed editions of Ars Minor, a schoolbook on Latin grammar by Aelius Donatus. Early textbooks were used by tutors, teachers, who used the books as instructional aids (e.g. alphabet books) and individuals involved in autodidacticism. Compulsory education and the subsequent growth of schooling in Europe led to the printing of many standardized texts for children. Textbooks have become the primary teaching instrument for most children since the 19th century. Two textbooks of historical significance in United States schooling were the 18th century New England Primer and the 19th century McGuffey Readers. As of 2007, the four largest college textbook publishers in the United States were: * Pearson Education (including such imprints as Addison-Wesley and Prentice Hall) * Cengage Learning (formerly Thomson Learning) * McGraw-Hill * Houghton Mifflin In addition, other large publishers include: * EMC Paradigm * John Wiley & Sons * Jones and Bartlett Publishers * Bedford, Freeman, and Worth Publishing Group * F. A. Davis Company * W. W. Norton & Company Technological advances are constantly changing America’s higher education landscape, including textbooks. Online and digital materials are making it increasingly easy for students to access materials other than the traditional print textbook. Students now have access to electronic and PDF books, online tutoring systems and video lectures.
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